HyperCard

• http://www.jaedworks.com/hypercard/scripts/hypertalk-bnf.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTalk
• https://wiki.xxiivv.com/site/hypertalk.html
• http://www.jaedworks.com/hypercard/HT-Masters/visual-effects.html
• http://web.csulb.edu/~murdock/hcindex.html (List of commands / functions)

• https://www.gryphel.com/c/minivmac/
• https://www.gryphel.com/c/minivmac/extras/index.html

• https://vimeo.com/70833521
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVq67vYyAqo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FquNpWdf9vg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i60_REoeIY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdJKjBHCh18

Tools:

• browse
• brush
• bucket
• button
• curve
• eraser
• field
• lasso
• line
• oval
• pencil
• rect[angle]
• reg[ular] poly[gon]
• round rect[angle]
• select
• spray
• text

Positions have the form x,y or "x,y" where x and y are numbers.

random(1, 10) generates a random number between 1 and 10 (inclusive)

• get <expr> , evaluates <expr> storing the result in it
• put <expr> into <var> , evaluates <expr> storing the result in <var>
• add <expr> to <dest>
• subtract <expr> from <dest>
• multiply <dest> by <expr>
• divide <dest> by <expr>

If you need a return value, use a function. If not, use a message handler instead.

function replaceStr pattern,newStr,inStr
  repeat while pattern is in inStr
    put offset(pattern,inStr) into pos
    put newStr into character pos to (pos +the length of pattern)-1 of inStr
  end repeat
  return inStr
end replaceStr

The return value of a function needs to be used as part of an expression, e.g. put name(arg1, arg2) into void .

Message handlers can take arguments, too. They differ from functions in that they don't return a value.

See drawRect in the next section for an example.

Lines beginning with -- are commented out.

Arrays seem to be 1-indexed.

put "1,2" into list
put 3 into item 3 of list
-- list is now "1,2,3"
put item 1 to 2 of list -- prints "1,2" in the message box
put "a" into character 2 of list
-- list is now 1a2,3
put item 1 of pos -- prints "1a2" in the message box

In addition to item , character can be used to manipulate strgs.

length(str) is the number of characters in str . Note that strings are used to represent lists so length("1,2") is 3 , not 2 .

To get the number of items in list , use the number of items in list ;)

Variables can be shared between elements / cards by declaring them as global

For example, in a button on one card:

on mouseUp
  global var1, var2
  put "Hello" into var1
  put "World" into var2
end mouseUp

and then, in a button on a different card:

on mouseUp
  global var1, var2
  put var1 & " " & var2
end mouseUp

(Note: & concatenates two strings)

function isDigit s
  return offset(s, "0123456789") is not 0
end isDigit

function isNumber s
  return isDigit(char 1 of s)
end isNumber

Note that isNumber only check the first digit.

Draw a rectangle filled with pattern p and size (sx,sy) at position (ox,oy)

on drawRect ox,oy,sx,sy,p
  set filled to true
  set pattern to p
  choose rect tool
  drag from ox,oy to (ox+sx),(oy+sy)
  choose browse tool
end drawRect

This function (message handler) can be used like this: drawRect 0,0,100,100,12 .

When drawing multiple rectangles, it's faster to choose rect tool only once at the start, then reset it to browse at the end.

Patterns are indexed starting from 1 (top left in the pattern menu), the pattern at the start of the second row has index 2.

Pattern 12 is black.

Use a field named "name" with the default value as content, and two buttons

1. add 1 to the first word of card field "name"
2. subtract 1 from the first word of card field "name"

I've filled a cards background with the grid pattern and extracted the stack file from the image.

Here's what the BMAP block looks like:

00001440: 0000 00e0 424d 4150 0000 0f0d 0000 0000  ....BMAP........
00001450: 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0156 0200  .............V..
00001460: 0000 0000 0156 0200 0000 0000 0156 0200  .....V.......V..
00001470: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0090  ................
00001480: 8283 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 8082  ................
00001490: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7  ................
000014a0: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784  ................
000014b0: 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482  ................
000014c0: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7  ................
000014d0: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784  ................
000014e0: 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482  ................
000014f0: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7  ................
00001500: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a5 84ff ffff  ................
00001510: ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff  ................

0000 00e0 424d 4150 0000 0f0d 0000 0000

1. Size, 4 bytes (224)
2. Type, 4 bytes, "BMAP"
3. ID, 4 bytes, 0xf0d
4. Filler, 4 bytes

0000 0000 0001 0000 4 x 2 bytes, Unknown, here 0, 0, 1, 0

0000 0000 0156 0200 , 0000 0000 0156 0200 , 0000 0000 0156 0200 top, left, bottom, right of the card, mask and image rectangles. In this case, each rectangle has size (512,342) × (512,342)

0000 0000 0000 0000 2 x 4 bytes unknown, usually 0

0000 0000 0000 0090 4 bytes, size of the mask data (0) 4 bytes, size of the image data (144)

Mask and image data are stored separately to support transparency, using the mask for white pixels and the image for black pixels.

There is no mask data, so we treat all pixels in the mask as white (1).

At this point, we are at 16 + 8 + 24 + 8 + 8 = 64 bytes of data and we're left with 160 bytes of image data.

It seems like block sizes are rounded to multiples of 16 or 32, so the 0xff in the last row would be filler data.

Now to the interesting part, decoding the image data:

00001480: 8283 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 8082
00001490: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7
000014a0: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784
000014b0: 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482
000014c0: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7
000014d0: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784
000014e0: 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482
000014f0: a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a7
00001500: 8482 a784 82a7 8482 a784 82a5 84ff ffff

Before compressing / decompressing the image data, the left side of the bounding box is rounded down to the nearest multiple of 32, the right side is rounded up.

Our bounding box is 512 pixels wide, so we don't need to do any rounding.

This encoding uses a custom compressed data format.

Each byte encodes 8 pixels of a row , so we need a total of 64 bytes to encode a full row.

82 Our image starts with 0x82 , one black row.

83 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 8083 80 The next instructions are a bunch of 0x83 0x80 , each filling one row by repeating the byte 0x80 ( 0b01000000 ).

Next comes another 82 black row.

a7 repeats the next instruction 7 times, 84 fills one row with a repeated byte of data previously used, looking up the byte in a 8-byte lookup table that is updated each time a 83 instruction is encountered.

In our case, this means that 7 rows are filled with repeated 0x80

Next comes another black row and more repeated 0x80 .

The combination of a784 is repeated a few more times, ending with a a584 when only 5 rows are left to be filled.

At this point, we can see that the background is a grid pattern without even decoding it.